Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Diseases

Periodontal disease is a condition of infectious-inflammatory origin that affects the tissues supporting the teeth. It has been observed that having periodontal disease may lead to an increased risk of the onset and progression of certain systemic conditions.

It is essential for dentists to have training in the prevention of periodontal disease. In addition, they must be able to raise awareness and improve patient education to prevent periodontal disease.

1. Cardiovascular Disease

In the presence of inflammation, periodontal bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause bacteremia. This occurs, for example, during toothbrushing.

Various studies have established a link between Porphyromonas gingivalis—a bacterium associated with periodontal disease—and the formation of atheromatous plaques that cause acute coronary syndrome.

2. Diabetes

The results of various epidemiological studies have shown more severe periodontitis in poorly controlled diabetics. This suggests that diabetes control may affect the clinical presentation of periodontitis.

On the other hand, there is a hypothesis that periodontal infection could increase tissue resistance to insulin. Therefore, since it is a chronic bacterial infection, it could negatively interfere with glycemic control.

3. Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis, like periodontal disease, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes tissue destruction, bone resorption, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This explains why effective control of periodontal disease improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

4. Pregnancy

The effect of periodontal disease on pregnancy is currently being studied, as there is no clear evidence of how this disease might affect a pregnancy.

Numerous studies link periodontal diseases to preterm birth or low birth weight, although it is true that other studies have found this association to be insignificant.

Likewise, it is important to note that all studies conducted on pregnant patients suggest that treatment is safe for both the mother and the child.

Therefore, these potential complications should not be overlooked, and pregnant women should be encouraged to manage their periodontal disease during pregnancy.

5. Conclusions

Periodontal disease, beyond leading to tooth loss, is linked to systemic diseases. For this reason, it is very important that dentists have sufficient training in periodontal pathologies. This will enable them to correctly diagnose and prevent these conditions in their patients.

In addition to the systemic diseases mentioned, an association has also been described between periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, obesity, and kidney and respiratory diseases.